

Using statistical tools, correlation tests between the variables in the experiment results indicates wave runup, significant wave height and overtopping discharges are strongly correlated to the bed gradient and smooth-slope NEXC block. 36 different test scenarios were simulated every 20 minutes with three repetitions, enables 108 samples to be retrieved. Parameters were downscaled to 1:10 and based on Peninsular Malaysia’s east coast hydrodynamics conditions. The study was conducted in 30 m long, 2 m height, and 1.5 m width of wave flume using gamma 3.30 of wave height JONSWAP spectrum under 1:15 and 1:8 mobile bed scenarios. The aim was to determine the significant relationship prediction model from the experiment variables due to water level changes. The study was to further the research on the wave interaction issue using the modified NAHRIM Coastal Protection and Expansion (NEXC) block. Therefore, using diffuser augmented tidal stream turbines to increase the flow velocity should be studied thoroughly.Ĭonstant wave runup and overtopping during monsoon coupled with storm-surge events have poses threat to the coastal’s community in flooding and land loss. However, ocean characteristics in Malaysia are low kinetic energy-flux density, low current speed, low tide, and shallow water only fulfill the minimum requirement of tidal stream turbine making the tidal stream energy resources not significant enough to contribute to the nation’s energy mix. Among all MCEDs, tidal stream energy is identified as high potential and commercially viable in Malaysia. These MCEDs are compared for their suitability of application in Malaysia. Five types of MCEDs were discussed including tidal range energy, tidal stream energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy conversion, and salinity gradient energy. This review also discusses the issues and challenges of MCEDs in Malaysia. The objectives of this paper are to provide a useful background for policymakers or researchers in the types of MCEDs and potential sites location of MCEDs that are applicable in Malaysia. However, MCEDs is not been fully developed in Malaysia. Malaysia’s energy mix could be improved using marine current energy devices (MCEDs) to replace fossil fuel and it is predictable energy compare to hydropower, solar photovoltaic (PV), and biomass. Malaysia has a great potential to harness energy in water due to its long coastline within the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca. In summary, this comprehensive review on coastal protection in Malaysia will benefit the related agencies on the future assessment. As the sea level is continuously increasing, their function as coastal protection will also become less effective. However, offshore breakwater, groyne, and geotextile tubes are solely for protection purposes and are not as effective for sea-level rise adaptation. Mangrove replanting is suitable as a “limited intervention” approach in minimizing the long-term impact of both threats. Increased platform level of seawalls and earth bunds, considered as an “adaptation” approach, are effective in erosion protection and are adaptive to sea-level rise. Hard structures such as rock revetment and breakwater are commonly used as erosion protection systems in the “hold the line” strategy. This study reviewed selected coastal protection structures along the shoreline of Malaysia as an erosion control and sea-level rise adaptation based on coastal management strategies. The Study of Sea Level Rise in Malaysia, 2017 presented a sea-level increase of 0.67–0.74 mm on average yearly. The National Coastal Erosion Study, 2015 reported that 15% of an 8840 km shoreline is currently eroding, where one-third of those falls under the critical and significant categories that require structural protection. The shoreline of Malaysia is exposed to threats of coastal erosion and a rise of sea level.
